Elizabethan Food Dining Essay - 648 Words

Elizabethan Food Dining For the well-to-do, eating during the Elizabethan and Jacobean periods was a fancy affair. A king or queen when going abroad could expect banquet tables filled with hundreds of dishes--for just one meal! There was much pageantry and entertainment. At Leicester, Queen Elizabeth I (predecessor of King James VI I) was greeted with a pageant of welcome displayed on a temporary bridge. There were cages of live birds--bitterns, curlews, hernshaws and godwits. One pillar held great silver bowls piled with apples, pears, cherries, walnuts and filberts. Other pillars held ears of wheat, oats and barley, gigantic bunches of red and white grapes, great livery pots of claret and white wine, sea fish in quantity laying†¦show more content†¦Let Huswife be carver, let pottage be eat, a dishful each one with a morsel of meat. Rich Elizabethans loved hospitality and had chronic guests. In following the old custome, they gathered in the Great Hall where the host sat at the head of the table and guests were arranged in order of importance. Food was prepared in vast quantities and what was left over went to servants. After the servants ate, the remaining food was given to the poor who waited outside the rich mens gates--reminds one of Lazarus and the rich man. Kitchen Equipment: brick ovens, working table, spits, pots, posnetts, chafing-dishes, graters, mortars and pestles, boilers, knives, cleavers axes, dripping-pans, pot-racks, pot-hooks, gridirons, frying pans, sieves, kneading troughs, fire shovels, barrels, tubs, pantry, buttery (wine and other provisions stored here), wet and dry larders, spicery, mealhouse sieving or bolting house, coals kep in squillerie along with brass pots and pans, pewter vessels and herbs, covered dishes, court cupboard, sideboards. Drinking vessels: gold, silver, pewter, horn, leather, glass, earthenware. Meat: beef, mutton, lamb, veal, kid, port, coney, pig, venison, fish (sometimes salted--pike, salmon, haddock, gurnard, tench, sturgeon, conger-eels, carp, lampreys, chines of salmon, perch, white herring, shrimp, pilchards, mackerel, oysters), sausage, eggs, sheeps feet, meat pies. Due to lack of refrigeration, techniques for preparing spoiled meat--vinegar,Show MoreRelatedThe Medieval, Catholic Roots Of The Elizabethan Era1292 Words   |  6 Pagesdeveloped before the Elizabethan Era, and was supported by the people of Catholic religion. The Elizabethan Era took place from 1558 to 1603, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, in England (Manteo). Before the era had taken place, the Roman Catholics believed in a ranking system for every part of the universe, and believed each part of the universe held a specific position in the world and carried out functions according to its part. (â€Å"The Medieval, Catholic Roots of the Elizabethan World.†). 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Abraham Lincoln And The Civil War - 1095 Words

In 1861 Abraham Lincoln became the sixteen president of the United States. He had the Proclamation of declaring forever to free slaves within the Confederacy in the year 1863. Lincoln directly told the South In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you.... You have no oath registered in Heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn one to preserve, protect and defend it. Lincoln was thinking of using force to defend Federal law and the Union. He asked for states for 75,000 volunteers when Confederate batteries fired on Fort Sumter and forced its surrender. Four slave states remained within the Union and four more slave†¦show more content†¦but that was all. He attain knowledge while working on a farm. On the farm he worked on he was splitting rails for fences, and keeping store at New Salem, Illinois. He rode the circuit of court for a few years, was a captain in the Black Hawk War, and spent eight years in the Illinois legislature. His ambition was a little engine that knew no rest. said his law partner. Lincoln then started his own family, he married Mary Todd. They had four boys, only one of the boys lived to maturity. Lincoln ran against Stephen A. Douglas for Senator in 1858. Debating with Douglas he gained a national reputation had won Abraham the Republican nomination for President in 1860. As President, Abraham built the Republican Party into a strong national organization. Later on he rallied most of the northern Democrats to the Union cause. Finally on January 1, 1863, he the Emancipation Proclamation had declared forever free those slaves within the Confederacy. The Civil War involved a huge issue and Lincoln made sure the world wouldn t ever for get that. He stated that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain--that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom--and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. in dedicating the military cemetery at Gettysburg. In 1864 as Union military triumphs heralded an end to the war Lincoln won re-election. During

Tendon Elasticity

Question: Describe the structure and function of tendons, mechanical properties of tendons, changes in Kinetic and Potential Energy and tendon support in locomotion? Answer: Structure and function of tendons Tendons have properties of elasticity which help them to be flexible and angulated around the bones or joints. They receive their blood supply from the covering of the tendons (vessels in perimycium), periosteal insertions and also from the surrounding tissues. The attachment by the tendons is very important and it is present where the point of insertion is at a distance or where the muscle exertion power is more across a joint. When the tendons stretch themselves and recoil, the metabolic energy gets saved and is thereafter used in locomotion. It stores and returns the elastic strain energy when the kinetic energy is lost during locomotion. (Antony, 2016) Tendons enable the mammals and birds to run and jump. They play an important role in position control while stopping by controlling the force exerted to initiate a jump. This is done by recoiling which is much faster than the action of muscles to shorten themselves. Tendons in a body perform functions to connect muscles to bone, to provide muscles a pinnate arrangement to perform various tasks. They help in contraction and relaxation of the muscles by sometimes extending up as intramuscular tendons. Their main function is to transmit tensile forces generated by the muscle cells and bring about compression and shear as they work around bony or fibrous structures. (Passerieux, 2007) Mechanical properties of tendons Although the function of tendons is tightly integrated, but their mechanical role of contraction during locomotion is independently performed. Alone the muscle fibers cannot work with perfect mechanical force, but when accompanied with tendons makes a muscle-tendon unit which enhances the performance for a wide variety of locomotors activities. When an activity of lower mechanical energy is needed like steady-speed running, then tendons save the mechanical energy by reducing muscle work and recovering cyclic changes in the muscles. The reduced muscle work develops high forces in the skeletal muscle fibers and allows muscle fibers to work isometrically. This action is carried out by stretching and recoiling of the associated tendon. Evidences have suggested that while running, the acceleration gets transferred directly from the muscle to the tendon resulting in its stretch. The stored energy in the tendon gets released and thus the energy level in the body also rises up to perform the task. This periodic change in the length of tendons helps to distribute the muscle power equally and provides independent flexion/extension movement to occur at a joint. (Robert, 2002) Changes in Kinetic and Potential Energy The utilization of the elastic energy and its reuse during locomotion/running is a result of change that occurs in the kinetic energy of the runner. The center of mass of the limb absorbs the kinetic and potential energy thus slowing down first half of the step. The stored energy only helps in performing half of the activity and the other half is done by the cyclic work of the contractile elements. The energy saved by the elastic mechanism of the runners is not only to reduce muscle work but to allow the muscles to operate at shortened velocities which are necessary for the production of force during running. Apart from the fluctuations in the mechanical energy, the running animals move at a steady speed to generate sufficient muscle force so that their body weight remains supported. The evidences from the studies of muscle and limb dynamics have suggested that tendons stretch early in the step of muscle shortening which is the energy directly transferred from the muscle during the running accelerations. The stored energy in the tendons is then released to empower the increase in energy of the body. This change in length of the tendon redistributes the muscle power and enables the contractile elements to shorten at constant velocities. (Thomas, 2002) Tendon support in locomotion The stiffness of the collagens makes it ideal to function properly as a spring in the tendons of vertebrates; 91-95 percent of the energy stored by the tendons on stretching can be removed by the elastic recoiling of the tendon fibers. The tendon requires much less maintenance and operating cost per unit mass than that compared to a muscle (300-500 fold).this relationship reaches to its maximum when the required force is transmitted completely by the passive stretch of the tendon. Animals energy is worked out directly by the muscle to operate, maintain and move relatively with the tissue mass, otherwise it would be carried out by the tendons passively. To better understand the function and use of tendons in the locomotors activities of animals, an example of ostrich and Maos can be taken. Ostriches are said to be the fastest running bird on the planet. The reason behind it is the structure of legs designed in such a way so as to control and maximize its speed and duration during a run. When measurements were taken to find the reason behind, it was found that maximum stress is laid on the muscles and tendons of legs and highest amount of forces takes place during the initiation and termination of the run. Like ostriches maos are also flightless birds that have heavier and thicker bones than ostriches. Their body mass is greater than the weight in their bones which allows them to run fast and lay less stress on tendons. Conclusion The tendon elasticity and muscle work that helps animals in locomotion and the mechanics behind it lies under the architecture system of the muscle-tendon unit. Muscles generally contribute only to the mechanical work whereas tendons play a major role in providing elastic energy to the animal to perform a specific task. They provide majority of muscle activity by saving the elastic energy and using it when required. The various forces acting on the body (eccentric or isometric) are enhanced which reduces the energy expenditure and provides balance and comfort during an activity. References Benjamin, M., Kaiser, E. and Milz, S. (2008). Structure-function relationships in tendons: a review.J Anatomy, 212(3), pp.211-228. Bennett, M. (2009). A possible energy-saving role for the major fascia of the thigh in running quadrupedal mammals.Journal of Zoology, 219(2), pp.221-230. D'Antoni, A. (2016). Gray's Anatomy, the Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice, Forty-First Edition, by Susan Standring, Editor-in-Chief, Elsevier Limited, 2016, 1,562 Pages, ISBN: 978-0-7020-5230-9.Clin. Anat., 29(2), pp.264-265. Dickinson, M. (2000). How Animals Move: An Integrative View.Science, 288(5463), pp.100-106.) Irschick, D. (2004). Animal Locomotion. Oxford Animal Biology Series. By AndrewABiewener. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN: 0198500238 (hc); 019850022X (pb). 2003.The Quarterly Review of Biology, 79(1), pp.89-90.) Magnusson, S., Narici, M., Maganaris, C. and Kjaer, M. (2008). Human tendon behavior and adaptation, in vivo.The Journal of Physiology, 586(1), pp.71-81.) PASSERIEUX, E., ROSSIGNOL, R., LETELLIER, T. and DELAGE, J. (2007). Physical continuity of the perimycium from myofibers to tendons: Involvement in lateral force transmission in skeletal muscle. Journal of Structural Biology, 159(1), pp.19-28. Roberts, T. (2002). The integrated function of muscles and tendons during locomotion.Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular Integrative Physiology, 133(4), pp.1087-1099.) Roberts, T. (2002). The integrated function of muscles and tendons during locomotion.Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular Integrative Physiology, 133(4), pp.1087-1099.) Wells, K. (1999). Principles of Animal Design: The Optimization and Symmorphosis Debate Ewald R. Weibel C. Richard Taylor Liana Bolis.The Quarterly Review of Biology, 74(2), pp.233-234. Williams, S., Wilson, A., Rhodes, L., Andrews, J. and Payne, R. (2008). Functional anatomy and muscle moment arms of the pelvic limb of an elite sprinting athlete: the racing greyhound.Journal of Anatomy, 213(4), pp.361-372.)